Comparison of the microbial communities of alpacas and sheep fed diets with three different ratios of corn stalk to concentrate

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ruminal microbial communities of alpacas (Lama pacos) and sheep (Ovis aries) fed three diets with varying ratios of roughage (corn stalk) to concentrate, 3:7 (LS), 5:5 (MS) and 7:3 (HS). Six alpacas (one-year-old and weighing 29.5 ± 7.1 kg) and six sheep (one-year-old and weighing 27.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used in this study, in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Total protozoa concentration was determined under the microscope; total fungi and methanogens were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed as a percentage of total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies; bacterial communities were investigated by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) sequencing. The percentage of fungi was significantly higher in alpacas than in sheep under the LS diet, while the concentration of protozoa was significantly lower in alpacas under HS, MS and LS diets. The alpha diversity including Shannon, Chao l and ACE indices of bacterial communities was higher in alpacas than in sheep, under the LS diet. A total of 299 genera belonging to 22 phyla were observed in the forestomach of alpaca and sheep, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominating both animal species. Phyla Armatimonadetes and Fusobacteria, as well as 64 genera, were detected only in alpacas, whereas phyla Acidobacteria and Nitrospira, as well as 44 genera, were found only in sheep. The abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, including Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio, was higher in alpacas than in sheep under all three diets. These differences in the forestomach microbial communities partly explained why alpacas displayed a higher poor-quality roughage digestibility, and a lower methane production. Results also revealed that the adverse effects of high-concentrate diets (70%) were lesser in alpacas than in sheep.     

Predicting the potential geographic distribution of Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis(Diptera: Tephritidae) in China using MaxEnt ecological niche modeling

Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis are highly destructive and major biosecurity/quarantine pests of fruit and vegetable in the tropical and subtropical regions in the South Pacific and Australia. Although these pests have not established in China, precautions must be taken due to their highly destructive nature. Thus, we predicted the potential geographic distribution of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis across the world and in particular China by ecological niche modeling of the Maximum Entropy(Max Ent) model with the occurrence records of these two species. Bactrocera bryoniae and B. neohumeralis exhibit similar potential geographic distribution ranges across the world and in China, and each species was predicted to be able to distribute to over 20% of the globe. Globally, the potential geographic distribution ranges for these two fruit fly species included southern Asia, the central and the southeast coast of Africa, southern North America, northern and central South America, and Australia. While within China, most of the southern Yangtze River area was found suitable for these species. Notably, southern China was considered to have the highest risk of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis invasions. Our study identifies the regions at high risk for potential establishment of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis in the world and in particular China, and informs the development of inspection and biosecurity/quarantine measures to prevent and control their invasions.     

恒河猴肾上腺皮质的显微与超微结构

应用光镜和透射电镜观察，恒河猴肾上腺皮质可分为球状带、束状带和网状带。其特点是：（1）被膜较发达，有时可伸入球状带将其细胞分隔为团块。（2）球状带有时呈指状指入束状带和网状带，其内可见嗜铬细胞；球状带细胞可分为明、暗2种类型，他们排列成团球状、滤泡状、索状和不规则形。（3）网状带较发达，有的可分为内、外2个区；有时网状带呈刺状伸入束状带；有时网状带细胞可见于被膜下或髓质内。（4）有时部分被膜连同皮质一起呈指状伸入髓质内。（5）皮质细胞均含丰富的溶酶体、线粒体和内质网，但不同部位的细胞所含的脂滴在数量、大小、形态和电子密度等方面存在差异。     

植物病原荧光假单胞杆菌数值分类研究

 采用数值分类法研究了来自21种寄主植物96个病原荧光假单胞菌菌株(包括5株非荧光菌)的分类问题。结果表明,所有参试荧光菌菌株可分成两大组,第一组(组I)生长较慢,精氨酸双水解酶呈阴性,营养谱窄,多数菌株不利用DL-苯丙氨酸,L-苯丙氨酸,L-羟脯氨酸,L-异亮氨酸,L-色氨酸,L-瓜氨酸,DL-nor-缬氨酸,L-胱氨酸,单宁酸和鼠李糖作为唯一碳源,不能利用天冬氨酸作为唯一碳源和氮源,而第二组(组Ⅱ)的菌株可利用这些化合物。组I的菌株可分为10个亚组(I₁-I₁₀),亚组与致病变种或命名种基本对应,与寄主来源密切相关;亚组间的区别在于它们利用底物的能力不同。组Ⅱ均具有精氨酸双水解酶,营养谱广泛。     

不同稳定剂对胭脂萝卜红色素稳定性的影响

天然胭脂萝卜红色素属于花青素类化合物,性质不稳定。笔者以新鲜胭脂萝卜(Raphnussativuscv.)肉质根为原料,提取胭脂萝卜红色素,选择常用的5种稳定剂对其稳定性进行研究,从而确定出最佳的稳定剂及其用量。研究结果发现0.03%维生素C、0.03%谷氨酸、0.03%柠檬酸能明显地延缓其颜色变化,0.03%维生素C 0.03%柠檬酸的组合对该色素的稳定效果最佳;进一步研究确定维生素C和柠檬酸的最佳用量分别为0.04%和0.08%。     

微量元素对大豆异黄酮含量和产量构成性状的影响及其相关分析

通过对3个品种施用微量元素,测定其对大豆籽粒异黄酮含量及对产量构成性状的影响,分析了对产量构成性状与异黄酮含量的相关性.结果表明,不同品种间异黄酮含量差异显著,同一品种不同处理间差异不显著.微量元素的配合使用效果在3个品种上均比对照好;在产量构成性状方面,绥农10、绥农14的株高普遍降低,而施用B、Zn、Mo及配施使合丰43增高大于5%;单株结荚数:绥农10和绥农14增加较明显;百粒重:绥农10增加较明显;单株重:三个品种均有不同程度的增加,但绥农14经方差分析差异达到5%显著.相关性分析表明三个品种,不同产量性状均与异黄酮含量无显著的正相关,且多数呈现负相关.     

低聚糖对雏鸡大肠粪便NH3-N含量及肠道菌群的影响

试验选取1日龄罗曼蛋公雏250只，随机分为5组，试验组饲料或饮水中分别添加海藻糖(500mg／kg)、海藻胶(600mg／kg)、大豆寡糖(500mg／kg)、圆葱寡糖(500mg/d)。结果表明，四种低聚糖均可促进肠道乳酸菌及双歧杆菌的生长繁殖，对魏氏梭菌的生长呈现抑制作用。海藻糖、海藻胶对降低大肠粪便NH3—N含量效果不显著(P＞0．05)，而大豆寡糖效果显著(P＜0．05)，圆葱寡糖效果极显著(P＜0.01)。     

植物源农药的研究

植物源农药就其低毒、低残留、与环境和谐、对非靶标生物相对安全等优点,符合现代环保和人们健康的要求而越来越引起人们的高度重视。本文综述植物源农药的资源、植物源农药杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂等的研究进展。     

蜂蜜的矿物质与营养

等离子体光谱分析表明：研究的１０种蜂蜜均含有人体所需的多种矿物元素。人体血浆中Ｃｕ／Ｚｎ，Ｋ／Ｎａ，Ｃａ／Ｍｇ比与身体状况密切相关。研究表明荞麦蜜的Ｃｕ／Ｚｎ比最高，Ｋ／Ｎａ比也较高，而Ｋ／Ｎａ，Ｃａ／Ｍｇ比以枣花蜜为最高。食用蜂蜜的人将受蜂蜜中矿物元素的影响而改善这些价值，有益于健康。     

控制工程造价不是盲目压价

本文对工程造价管理角度进行了论述,从不同的角度分析了控制工程造价的方法,阐明如 何科学地控制工程造价。